Almroth wright biography pink

. 2009 May;78(2):119–128.

Abstract

In the decade 1935-45 the treatment of lobar pneumonia in the developed and warring world underwent a series of evolutions—anti-sera, specific anti-sera, refinement of sulpha drugs, sulpha and anti-sera, the introduction of penicillin for bacteriology, then ophthalmology, and then for penicillin-sensitive bacterial infections such as lobar pneumonia with its many Cooper types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Penicillin for civilian use was essentially banned in World War II, a ban that early in 1941 two Musgrave Park physicians tried to circumvent. Strict secrecy on the details of penicillin production was enforced. The treatment option chosen by the Musgrave Park physicians in 1941, and the non-availability of penicillin led to sequelae affecting the post-Belfast careers of both patient and physicians.

Keywords: Sera, Sulpha, Penicillin

INTRODUCTION

At the start of his 1944 Campbell Oration1, the newly knighted Alexander Fleming (Figure 1) mentioned his 40-year collaboration and mentorship with Ulsterman Sir Almroth Wright. He thanked his

Typhoid fever

Disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi

Not to be confused with Typhus.

Medical condition

Typhoid fever
Other namesEnteric fever, slow fever
Causative agent: Salmonella enterica serological variant Typhi (shown under a microscope with flagellar stain)
SpecialtyInfectious diseases 
SymptomsFever that starts low and increases daily, possibly reaching as high as 104.9 °F (40.5 °C) Headache, weakness and fatigue, muscle aches, sweating, dry cough, loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach pain, diarrhea or constipation, rash, swollen stomach (enlarged liver or spleen)
Usual onset1–2 weeks after ingestion
DurationUsually 7–10 days after antibiotic treatment begins. Longer if there are complications or drug resistance.
CausesGastrointestinal infection of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi
Risk factorsLiving in or traveling to areas where typhoid fever is established; working as a clinical microbiologist handling Salmonella Typhi bacteria; having close contact with someone who is infected or has recently bee

8. Of Gold and Pneumococci: A History of Pneumococcal Vaccines in South Africa

Austrian, Robert. "8. Of Gold and Pneumococci: A History of Pneumococcal Vaccines in South Africa". Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Laboratory, and Library, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985, pp. 98-118. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512800135-010

Austrian, R. (1985). 8. Of Gold and Pneumococci: A History of Pneumococcal Vaccines in South Africa. In Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Laboratory, and Library (pp. 98-118). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512800135-010

Austrian, R. 1985. 8. Of Gold and Pneumococci: A History of Pneumococcal Vaccines in South Africa. Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Laboratory, and Library. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 98-118. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512800135-010

Austrian, Robert. "8. Of Gold and Pneumococci: A History of Pneumococcal Vaccines in South Africa" In Life with the Pneumococcus: Notes from the Bedside, Labora

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