Rodolfo espejo aguinaldo

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Philippine Military ‘Reformists’: Specialists in Torture

MADISON, WIS. — Manila’s “Christmas coup” showed that the Philippines has not yet moved beyond the Marcos era--indeed, evidence indicates the coup was an attempt to restore the Marcos regime without Ferndinand E. Marcos.

The late president built his political machine by transferring vast amounts of money from established businessmen to a claque of kin and courtiers called the “crony capitalists.” Marcos reinforced his financial clout with personal control of the military, making the armed forces a mailed fist of one-man rule.

President Corazon Aquino failed to purge the politicized military officers or pursue the assets of key Marcos cronies. Not surprisingly, these Marcos survivors are the ones who conspired, for a third time, to overthrow her government.

According to Aquino, the coup’s political leaders were Sen. Juan Ponce Enrile, Marcos’ defense minister from 1971 to 1986, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., the former dictator’s wealthiest crony, who slipped into Manila from his Los Angeles exile just days before t

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1989 Philippine coup attempt

Failed military overthrow of President Corazon Aquino

1989 Philippine coup attempt

Date

December 1–9, 1989

Location

Villamor Airbase, Camp Crame, Fort Bonifacio, Cavite Naval Base (Philippine Navy), Sangley Point Air Base (Philippine Air Force), Mactan Airbase, Cebu, Malacañang Palace and portions of Makati, Manila, Quezon City around Metropolis and Camp Aguinaldo

Result

Philippine government victory

Coup averted
Creation of the Davide Fact-Finding Commission
Flight of Honasan and arrest of coup plotters, financiers and leaders but some were given amnesty later on
Family and remains of Ferdinand Marcos remains exiled in Hawaii until 1991

Belligerents

Philippines

United States (minor air support)

Reform the Armed Forces Movement

Commanders and leaders

Corazon Aquino
(President)
Fidel Ramos
Renato De Villa

George H. W. Bush
Dan Quayle
Bernard John Smith
Harry Rittenour

Gregorio Honasan
Edgardo Abenina
Jose Zumel
Salvador Laurel
Proceso Maligalig

Military support

Armed Force

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As local politicians nodded approvingly, Lt. Col. Rodolfo Aguinaldo vowed a new coup attempt if President Corazon Aquino ”does not make reforms fast.” ”The Americans should let us go through a struggle, a bloody struggle if possible, and the leader who emerges will be president,” the 37-year-old former intelligence officer said. ”It is too early to say who can replace Cory Aquino.”

Aguinaldo, sipping brandy at the home of Congressman Domingo Tuzon, has enjoyed something close to homage from local officials since he seized control of the huge Cagayan Valley during August`s one-day military mutiny that nearly toppled Aquino, and then resigned from the military.

In the two months since, Aguinaldo-who flies the national flag upside down at his Gattaran base, a sign of rebellion in the Philippines-also has maintained what appears to be the unswerving loyalty of most of the region`s 7,000 troops.

”He is the most powerful and influential person here,” said Tuzon, who is among those promising to support Aguinaldo if he runs for provincial